OVERVIEW: HISTORICAL PERIOD #8

THE POPULIST ERA, IMPERIALISM, THE PROGRESSIVE ERA




THE REVOLT OF THE DEBTOR 1889-1900, Ch. 28, pages 623-640

I. BENJAMIN HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, pages 623-626

1. William Jennings Bryan, "cross of gold" speech, "Boy Orator"
2. Secretary of State James G. Blaine, Civil Service Commission appointment
    to Theodore Roosevelt
3. Speaker of the House Thomas R. Reed, "CZAR"
4. 51st. Congress, "Billion-Dollar Congress"
5. Pension Act of 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890,
6. Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 (Bland-Allison Law of 1878), "Gold
    Bug" East
7. McKinley Tariff of 1890, highest peacetime level to that time

a. What was the high tariff of this time resulting in?
b. How did Speaker Reed try to change House rules?
c. What was the relationship between the Pension Act of 1890, the surplus,
    the tariff, and votes for Republicans?
d. Describe the "logrolling operation" associated with the tariff and silver
    in 1890.
e. How did farmers respond to the McKinley Tariff?
 

II. THE RETURN OF CLEVELAND AND THE DEMOCRATS pages 626-633

1. Election of 1892, Democrats: Grover Cleveland; Republicans: Benjamin
    Harrison; People's Party (Populists):: James B. Weaver
2. strikes, summer 1892; Homestead Strike against Carnegie, Pittsburgh,
    Pinkertons, federal troops break the strike
3. "Bourbon" elite in the South, literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather
    clauses, Jim Crow laws, lynchings; Populists turn to racism after 1892
4. Panic of 1893, Depression (1893-1897), business failures, soup kitchens,
    hoboes; Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893, run of the
    Treasury (1893-1894), J.P. Morgan-Cleveland deal "saves" the gold reserves
5. Jacob S. Coxey, March on Washington (March-May 1, 1894), Coxey's Army,
    Commonweal Army, Coxeyites
6. Pullman Strike of 1894, Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union; Pullman
    Palace Car Company, model town outside Chicago, George Pullman; Governor
    John Peter Altgeld of Illinois; Attorney General Richard Olney, court
    injunction, President Grover Cleveland, federal troops, strike broken,
    Debs jailed
7. Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 (reduced McKinley rates, income tax for incomes
    over $4000 but this was declared unconstitutional by the SC in 1895)
8. Populist resurgence; Coin's Financial School 1894

a. What was the Populist platform in 1892?
b. Why did many southerners not vote for the Populist Party in 1892?
c. What were the causes of the Panic of 1893?
d. Why was gold being drained away from the Treasury?
e. Why would it have been harmful if the United States had gone off the gold
    standard?
f. What were Coxey's demands? 


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III. THE ELECTION OF 1896 pages 633-638

1. Republicans: William McKinley; Democrats: ; William Jennings Bryan
    Populists: William Jennings Bryan
2. Marcus Alonzo Hanna, "Dollar Mark", slush fund, "spellbinders", McKinley
    and the Full Dinner Pail, McKinley's "front porch" campaign
3. William Jennings Bryan, "Boy Orator," 36 years old, "Cross of Gold" speech
    at the 1896 Democratic Convention
4. fourth party system et al
5. Dingley Tariff 1897 (46.5% average rate)
6. Gold Standard Act 1900

a. What beliefs were held by Marcus Hanna?
b. What were the planks of the 1896 Republican platform?
c. Why was Cleveland unpopular in 1896?
d. What were the planks of the 1896 Democratic platform?
e. What was the significance of McKinley's victory in 1896?
f. What things eased the pressure on the gold supply in the beginning of the
    20th. century?
 

IV. THE POPULISTS: RADICALS OR REACTIONARIES pages 639-640

1. Charles and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (1927-42)
2. Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents of American Thought (1927-30)
3. John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt 1931
4. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform 1955

a. What were the beliefs of the progressive school of historical writing?
 

THE PATH OF EMPIRE 1890-1899, Ch. 29, pages 641-660

I. BEGINNINGS OF IMPERIALISM pages 641-646

1. 1865-1880's American indifference to outside world
2. increasing exports with expansion of overseas markets
3. William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer, yellow press
4. Reverend Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present
   Crisis 1885
5. 1880's colonialism in Africa
6. 1890's partition of China among Japan, Germany, Russia
7. Captain Alfred T. Mahan, "New Navy," The Influence of Sea Power upon
    History 1660-1783 (1890), 1883 first steel-hulled warships
8. Blaine's "Big Sister" policy (Garfield, Harrison administrations), 1889
    first Pan-American Conference, Pan American Union
9. 1889 crisis with Germany over Samoan Islands
10. 1891 near-war with Italy over lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans
11. 1892 confrontation with Chile over deaths of 2 American sailors in
     Valparaiso
12. 1893 conflict with Canada over seal hunting near the Pribilof Islands
     off Alaskan coast
13. 1895-96; Great Britain (British Guiana)/Venezuela border dispute, gold
     discovered in disputed area, Venezuela asks for American aid, President
     Cleveland authorizes Secretary of State Richard Olney to invoke Monroe
     Doctrine July, 1895 (20-inch gun blast), 1896 arbitration board
14. "patting the eagle's head" - British Great Rapprochement (reconciliation)
     - inaugurates 20th. century cooperation between GB and U.S.


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15. Hawaiian Islands, early 1800's shipping, whaling; 1820 first New England
     missionaries; 1840's U.S. declares "hands-off" policy to other nations;
     1875 commercial reciprocity agreement; 1887 naval base rights at Pearl
     Harbor; sugar cane, McKinley Tariff 1890, 1892 Annexation Club, Queen
     Liliuokalani, 1893 revolt; February 1, 1893 U.S. take-over of Hawaii;
     Cleveland opposes annexation of Hawaii; July 7, 1898 McKinley engineers a
     congressional joint resolution of annexation (U.S. citizenship; full
     territory status 1900)

a. What forces stimulated overseas expansion?
b. What did the first Pan American Conference accomplish?
c. What was the significance of the conflicts between the United States and
    Germany, Italy, Chile, and Canada between 1889 and 1893?
d. Why was it somewhat foolhardy for the United States to think of going to
    war against Great Britain in 1895?
e. Why did Britain agree to arbitration?
 

II. CUBA pages 646-648

1. Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894, Cuban sugar production crippled; 1895 Cuba
    revolts against Spain using scorched earth tactics; General Valeriano
(Butcher) Weyler, "reconcentration" camps
2. American yellow journalists whip up war support (William Randolph Hearst,
    Joseph Pulitzer); Frederick Remington's sketches incite American fervor
3. Weyler removed and Spain makes some reforms 1897
4. Early 1898 battleship Maine sent to Cuba
5. February 9, 1898 de Lome letter (Spanish minister criticizes McKinley)
6. February 15, 1898 sinking of the Maine, U.S. rejects Spanish attempts
    at arbitration
7. "Remember the Maine"

a. Why was the Maine sent to Cuba?
b. What was the probable cause of the sinking of the Maine?
 

III. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN-CUBAN-FILIPINO WAR pages 649-654)

1. William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt
2. April 11, 1898 McKinley war message to Congress, Teller Amendment;
    John Hay, "a splendid little war"
3. Navy Secretary John D. Long, Assistant Secretary Theodore Roosevelt
4. May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey defeats the Spanish fleet in
    Manila Bay, Philippines; American ground forces take Manila August 13,1898
    with aid of Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo
5. Rough Riders, Colonel Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt, July 1, 1898
    Battle of San Juan Hill
6. Cuban blockade, surrender of Santiago, August 12, 1898 armistice; malaria,
    typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever
7. "round robin" document

a. What American demands had Spain agreed to before war broke out?
b. Who did not want war and why?
c. How many Americans died in battle?
d. What was responsible for most American deaths during this war? How many?


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IV. AFTERMATH OF WAR pages 654-655

1. Treaty of Paris

a. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris?
b. Why did many American support acquisition of the Philippines?
 

V. THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM pages 655-657,660

1. William H. Seward, expansionism, 1867 purchase of Alaska, "Seward's
    Icebox", 1867 seizure of Midway Islands, expulsion of French from Mexico
    1866, Burlingame Treaty 1868 (free immigration and Sino-American
    friendship)
2. Acquisition of the Philippines arouses anti-imperialist sentiments
3. Anti-Imperialist League: Mark Twain, William Jennings Bryan, William
    Graham Sumner, Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, William James, Carl Schurz,
    Samuel Gompers; self-determination for Filipinos goal of some Americans
4. Rudyard Kipling, "take up the white man's burden"
5. Puerto Rico, Foraker Act 1900 (limited degree of popular government), 1917
    U.S. citizenship, 1952 commonwealth
6. 1901 Insular Cases: full force of Constitution does not necessarily apply
    in newly-acquired territories
7. Cuba: American military government under General Leonard Wood until 1902,
    Dr. Walter Reed, yellow fever; Platt Amendment to 1901 Cuban Constitution;
    American naval base at Guantanamo
8. Elihu Root, Secretary of War, founded War College in Washington

a. What was the nature of the controversy inherent in the question "Did the
    Constitution follow the flag?"
b. What were the provisions of the Platt Amendment?
c. What was the significance of the American victory in 1898?
 

VI. THE PUERTO RICANS pages 658-659

1. Taino Indians, 1511 importation of African slaves
2. 19th. century immigration to U.S.
3. 20th. century improvements in health and sanitation under U.S. leadership
4. 20th. century immigration due to lack of employment opportunities -
    majority to New York City
 

STRUGGLING FOR JUSTICE AT HOME AND ABROAD, Part Five,
pages 662-663

** This is a very nice overview of the time period. **

1. 1920: census shows 51% of Americans live in cities
2. progressive movement; progressive presidents: T.Roosevelt, W.H.Taft,
    W.Wilson
3. 1920, Nineteenth Amendment, women's suffrage
4. Warren G. Harding - "Return to Normalcy", Coolidge, Hoover
5. "Red Scare" 1919-1920; anti-radical, anti-immigrant, anti-black; rebirth
    of the Ku Klux Klan
6. Stock Market Crash, Great Depression, FDR's New Deal

a. What was the overriding goal of progressivism? 


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AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE 1899-1909, Ch. 30, pages 664-681

I. THE REST OF THE STORY IN THE PHILIPPINES pages 664-666

1. February 4, 1899-1902 Philippine Insurrection, Emilio Aguinaldo, tales of
    atrocities on both sides
2. 1899 Philippine Commission headed by W.H. Taft, "little brown brothers"
3. McKinley's "benevolent assimilation" program, public works programs:
    roads, sanitation, public health, school system; "bread and guns"
4. Americanization of the Philippines, 1916 Jones Act promised independence;
    July 4, 1946 independence

II. CHINA pages 666-667,670

1. Sino-Japanese War 1895, "Sick Man of Asia," spheres of influence,
    John Hay 1899 Open Door Policy
2. 1900 Boxer Rebellion, "Kill foreign devils!"
3. 1900 Second Open Door Policy
4. (China's Nationalist Revolution 1911)

a. What was the probable reason for the seeming success of the Open Door
    Policy?

III. THE FILIPINOS pages 668-669

1 California laws banning marriage of Asians and Caucasians (until 1948)

a. Why were Filipinos recruited for agricultural work in Hawaii and the
    Pacific coast states?
b. What distinction do the Philippines hold today in regard to immigration?

IV. ELECTION OF 1900 pages 670-671

1. Republicans: William McKinley; Democrats: ; William Jennings Bryan
2. T. Roosevelt, governor of New York, Republican vice presidential selection
3. "Bryanism" - free silver threat to prosperity

a. What were the planks of the Republican platform?
b. What did the Democratic platform support?

V. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS pages 671-679

1. Sept., 1901, assassination of William McKinley, Leon Czolgosz
2. Theodore Roosevelt, 1898 Rough Riders, the "tennis Cabinet"
3. "Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far."
4. Panama, isthmian canal, lesson of the Oregon, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850,
    Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901, Nicaragua vs. Panama issue, Philippe Bunau-
    Varilla, Panama rebels against Colombia with American aid 11/3/1903,
    Canal Treaty (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty) 1903
5. "rape of Panama," "Big Brother" policy
6. building the Panama Canal (1904-1914), Colonel George Washington Goethals,
    Colonel William C. Gorgas
7. debt problems in Venezuela and Dominican Republic, Roosevelt Corollary to
    the Monroe Doctrine 1904 (in response to German intervention),
    "international police power", first exercised in 1905 in relation to the
    Dominican Republic, beginning of era of U.S. military intervention in
    Latin America


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8. U.S. Marines in Cuba 1906-1909
9. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, Portsmouth Conference 1905, Theodore
    Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace Prize 1906
10. (1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement, Japanese hegemony over Korea, American
    control of the Philippines)
11. Japanese immigration to California increases, San Francisco earthquake
    1906, San Francisco School Board establishes segregated schools for
    Asians, Japan protests, 1907 "gentleman's agreement" restricts
    Japanese immigration, San Francisco rescinds segregation order
12. 1907 "Great White Fleet" world tour, "Join the Navy and see the world.",
    Japan begins to build its navy
13. 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement, Japanese interest in Manchuria, Japan
    promises to honor Open Door in China and the security of American
    Pacific possessions
14. 1913 California denies Japanese residents the right to own property
    in the state
15. (1915, Japan issues Twenty-One Demands)

a. What did TR believe about his role as president?

VI. WHY DID AMERICA BECOME A WORLD POWER pages 680-681

a. Why is American imperialism somewhat of an "embarrassment"?
b. What is the argument of the New Left as to why the United States became
    imperialistic in the late 19th. and early 20th. centuries?
 

PROGRESSIVISM AND THE REPUBLICAN ROOSEVELT 1901-1912, Ch. 31, pages 682-702

I. IDEAS OF THE PROGRESSIVES pages 682-685

1. echoes of the reform movements of the 1840's
2. roots: Greenback Labor Party 1870's, Populists 1890's
3. Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1894 Wealth Against Commonwealth, attack on Standard
    Oil Company
4. Thorstein Veblen, 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class, attack on wealth
    and conspicuous consumption
5. Jacob A. Riis, 1890, How the Other Half Lives, expose of New York slums
6. Theodore Dreiser, 1912 The Financier, 1914 The Titan
7. Socialism, social gospel advocates, feminism
8. Jane Addams, Chicago; Lilian Wald, New York City
9. popular magazines: McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, Everybody's
10. muckrakers, Theodore Roosevelt 1906
11. Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities (1904)
12. Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil (1904)
13. David G. Phillips, The Treason of the Senate (1906)
14. Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line (1908)
15. John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906)

a. What evils did the progressives fight?
b. What did the Progressives see as the agent of reform?
c. Why did the Progressives think the era of laissez-faire was over?


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II. POLITICAL PROGRESSIVISM pages 686-688

1. direct primary elections, initiative, referendum, recall
2. corrupt practices acts to eliminate graft
3. Australian ballot
4. direct election of U.S. senators, Senate - Millionaire's Club, 17th.
    Amendment 1913
5. Galveston, Texas introduces city manager system 1901
6. Structural reforms in local government: city-manager system, city-
    commission system, non-partisan citywide elections
7. Robert M. La Follette, gov. of Wisconsin, Senate election, "Battling Bob"
8. Progressive governors: Braxton Bragg Comer (Alabama), Hoke Smith
    (Georgia), Albert Cummins (Iowa), Hiram Johnson (California), Woodrow
    Wilson (New Jersey), Charles Evans Hughes (New York)
9. (Reform Mayors: Jazen Pingree (Detroit), Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones
    (Toledo), Tom Johnson (Cleveland))

a. What social class did most Progressives come from?
b. What were the two goals of the Progressives?
 

III. PROGRESSIVES TACKLE A VARIETY OF PROBLEMS pages 688-695

1. safety and sanitation codes, child labor laws, workmen's compensation
    laws, maximum hours law, minimum wage laws
2. New York City, Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 1911
3. Muller v. Oregon 1908, upheld limit on women's working hours, Louis D.
    Brandeis
4. Lochner v. New York 1905: struck down a law limiting working hours of
    bakers to 10 hours per day
5. Women's Christian Temperance Union (founded by Frances E. Willard 1873)
    Anti-Saloon League (1893), "dry" laws, 1919, Eighteenth Amendment,
    prohibition
6. TR - "Square Deal", the Three C's: control of the corporations, consumer
    protection, conservation of natural resources
7. United Mine Workers Strike (Pa.) 1902, anthracite coal mines, T.Roosevelt
    threatened use of federal troops to operate the mines, arbitration
8. Creation of Department of Commerce and Labor 1903; split into two
    departments 1913, Bureau of Corporations
9. regulation of the railroads, Interstate Commerce Commission 1887
10. Elkins Act 1903: fines on those granting or receiving rebates
11. Hepburn Act 1906: free passes restricted, ICC expanded and given power
     to set maximum rates
12. Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890, vagueness led to sparse enforcement, 1895
      prosecution of Sugar Trust, U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co., Congress could
      control commerce not manufacturing, Sherman Act used to break up labor
     unions
13. TR - trustbuster, "good and bad trusts," 1904 Northern Securities Company
     J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill, SC ordered Northern Securities to be
     dissolved
14. W.H. Taft actually busted more trusts than TR
15. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906), Meat Inspection Act 1906, Pure Food
     and Drug Act 1906
16. Desert Land Act 1877: sold arid land cheaply for the promise that
     irrigation would take place within three years
17. Forest Reserve Act 1891, Carey Act 1894: distributed federal land to the
     states on the condition it be irrigated and settled


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18. conservation, Gifford Pinchot (chief forester), National (Newlands)
     Reclamation Act 1902: irrigation projects, 1908 National Conservation
     Congress
19. dedication of Roosevelt Dam 1911
20. nature becomes popular, Jack London Call of the Wild 1903; Boy Scouts
     of America, Sierra Club 1892
21 Hetch Hetchy controversy, San Francisco, John Muir

a. How was the United Mine Workers Strike settled in 1902?
b. What was T. Roosevelt's philosophy in relation to the trusts?
c. What was TR's and Pinchot's view about natural resources?
 

IV. THE LAST OF TR (NOT REALLY) pages 695-697

1. Election of 1904, Republicans: Theodore Roosevelt; Democrats: Alton B.
    Parker; Socialists: Eugene V. Debs
2. Panic of 1907, Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908: authorized national banks to
    issue emergency currency, Federal Reserve Act 1913
3. Election of 1908, Republicans: William Howard Taft; Democrats: William
    Jennings Bryan; Socialists: Eugene V. Debs

a. How did TR's second term differ from his first in relation to goals?
b. Why did TR select Taft as his heir apparent?
c. What were TR's lasting achievements?

V. TAFT pages 697-700

1. Dollar Diplomacy
2. Manchurian RR debacle
3. American military intervention in Cuba, Honduras, Dominican Republic to
    restore order and protect American interests
4. 2500 marines stationed in Nicaragua 1912-1925
5. the "real" trustbuster
6. SC orders dissolution of Standard Oil Company 1911; "rule of reason": only
    combinations that unreasonably restrained trade were illegal
7. Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909
8. Bureau of Mines, preserved western coal lands from exploitation,
    protected water power sites from private development
9. ("white slavery," 1910, White Slave Trade Act (Mann Act))
10. (Mann-Elkins Act 1910, increased regulatory powers of ICC)
11. 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, Secretary of the Interior Richard
     Ballinger, firing of Pinchot
12. "Stand-pat Old Guard" Republicans; Speaker "Uncle Joe" Cannon
13. 1910 split in the GOP
14. TR returns to politics; New Nationalism: increase in the power of the
     national government to remedy economic and social abuses
15. Republican losses in 1910 congressional elections
16. National Progressive Republican League 1911, Bob LaFollette, TR rides
     again

a. What personality differences resulted in Taft's inability to inspire
    action the way TR had?
b. Why were many angry when Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff?
 

WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVISM AT HOME AND ABROAD 1912-1916, Ch. 32, pages 703-721

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I. ELECTION OF 1912 pages 703-705

1. Progressive Party (Bull Moose): Theodore Roosevelt; Republicans: William
    Taft; Democrats: Woodrow Wilson; Socialists: Eugene V. Debs
2. Wilson: president of Princeton 1902, governor of New Jersey 1911,
    "Schoolmaster in Politics"; New Freedom: stronger antitrust legislation,
    banking reform, tariff reductions

a. How was a Democratic victory "guaranteed" in 1912?
b. What was the difference between the New Nationalism and the New Freedom?
 

II. WILSON ON THE DOMESTIC FRONT pages 705-710

1. minority president
2. Taft, law professor at Yale, 1921 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
3. Wilson: belief in self-determination for people of other countries,
    Jeffersonian in domestic philosophy, not amenable to compromise
4. "triple wall of privilege": tariff, banks, trusts
5. 1913, Sixteenth Amendment, authorized enactment of an income tax
6. Underwood Tariff 1913, reduction of tariffs, established a graduated
    income tax
7. Louis D. Brandeis, Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It 1914
8. Federal Reserve Act 1913: 12 districts each with its own central bank,
    Federal Reserve Board authorized to issue paper money
9. Federal Trade Commission Act 1914: established commission to oversee
    industries and root out unfair trade practices, ie. unlawful competition,
    false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, bribery
10. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914: strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890;
    outlawed price discrimination and interlocking directorates; exempted
    labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution,
    legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
11. Federal Farm Loan Act 1916: credit to farmers at low interest rates
12. Warehouse Act 1916: authorized loans on the security of staple crops
13. LaFollette Seamen's Act 1915: decent treatment and a living wage on
     merchant ships
14. Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916: disability benefits for civil
     service workers
15. Adamson Act: 8-hour day and time-and-a-half overtime pay for railroad
     workers
16. appointment of Louis Brandeis to Supreme Court 1916, first Jewish justice

a. With whom did Wilson make an "alliance" to coerce Congress to pass
    legislation he had recommended?
b. By 1917 revenue from the income tax had surpassed what previous greatest
    source of revenue?
c. What group of American was not helped by Wilsonian programs?
 

III. WILSON ON THE FOREIGN FRONT pages 710-713

1. 1916 Jones Act: territorial status for the Philippines and promise of
    independence; July 4, 1946
2. 1913 California denies Japanese residents the right to own property in the
    state; Secretary of State Bryan urged California legislature to relent
3. turmoil in Haiti 1914-15; marines dispatched to protect Americans; 1916
    treaty with Haiti provided for U.S. supervision of finances and the police
4. marines in the Dominican Republic 1916-1924


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5. 1917 purchase of Virgin Islands from Denmark
6. 1910 Mexican Revolution, 1913 General Victoriano Huerta; tumult results in
    increased Mexican migration to United States; Wilson refuses to recognize
    the Huerta regime;1914 munitions from U.S. to Venustiano Carranza and
    Francisco (Pancho) Villa; Tampico incident 1914; U.S. navy seizes port of
    Vera Cruz; recognition of Mexican government under Carranza
7. anti-U.S. crusade led by Pancho Villa; General John (Black Jack) Pershing
8. outbreak of World War I 1914; U.S. Proclamation of Neutrality

a. How did Wilson differ from TR and Taft in relation to foreign policy?