SECTIONALISM, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION (1841-1877)
TESTING THE NEW NATION, Part Three, pages 358-359
** This is an excellent overview of the time period. **
1. "peculiar institution"
a. What distinction does the American slave population hold?
b. What
steps did the federal government take to check the growth of slavery?
c. How
did the Mexican Cession re-open the question of extension of slavery
THE SOUTH AND THE SLAVERY CONTROVERSY
1793-1860
Ch. 17, pgs. 360-379
I. THE COTTON KINGDOM, pages 360-371
1. "noblesse oblige" among the planter aristocracy,
(paternalism)
2. "snobocracy," ("cotton snobs"),
"rednecked farmers," "subsistence
farmers," "poor white
trash," "hillbillies," "crackers," "clay eaters,"
(yeoman farmers), "mountain whites"
3. Upper South, Lower (Deep)
South, "black belt"
4. mulattos 5.
Frederick Douglass
6. Congress ends the foreign importation of slaves 1808,
"black ivory,"
smuggling, slavers
7. white overseers,
black drivers, "breakers," (house servants, field hands)
8.
kinship taboos, ("jumping the broomstick"), call-and-response
pattern,
responsorial preaching
9. Gabriel Prosser,
Gabriel's Rebellion, Virginia, 1800
10. Denmark Vesey, Charleston South
Carolina, 1822
11. Nat Turner, Southampton County Virginia, 1831
a. What factors brought about the existence of "King Cotton"?
b. How
could Sir Walter Scott possibly have helped to cause the Civil War?
c. What
problems underlay the "moonlight and magnolia" tradition of the
South?
d. What % of white southerners owned slaves in
1860?
e. Why were non-slaveholding southerners willing to fight to preserve
slavery? Why were the "mountain whites" an exception?
f. What factors limited the activities of free blacks in the South? North?
g. Why did most slaveowners care for the welfare of their slaves?
h. Why
were slaveholders in the Upper South willing to sell some of their
slaves to planters in the Lower South?
i. What were
the characteristics of life in slavery in the South?
j. What were the
characteristics of African-American culture?
k. What methods were used by
slaves to resist but survive in bondage?
l. What effect did slavery
eventually have on white owners?
II. ABOLITIONISM (pages 371-376)
1. 18th. century, Quakers
2. 1817 American Colonization Society; 1822
Liberia, Monrovia
3. 1833 Britain ends slavery in the British West Indies
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4. Theodore Dwight Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Lane Theological Seminary,
Lyman Beecher (Harriet Beecher Stowe, Catharine Beecher,
Henry Ward
Beecher), "Lane Rebels" 5.
William Lloyd Garrison , The Liberator 1831, immediate emancipation
6. American Anti-Slavery Society 1833, Wendell Phillips
7. Black
abolitionists, David Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the
World 1829, Sojourner Truth, Martin Delaney,
Frederick Douglass, Narrative
of the Life of
Frederick Douglass 1845
8. Liberty Party 1840 (James G. Birney,
1844), Free Soil Party 1848,
Republican Party 1854
9. Mason-Dixon Line, slave codes
10. House of Representatives, gag rule,
1836, John Quincy Adams, repeal 1844
11. 1837, Alton Illinois, Elijah P.
Lovejoy, abolitionist editor, "martyr
abolitionist," "free-soilers"
a. What arguments were used in the South to counteract abolitionist ideas?
b. What economic stake did the North have in the slave states?
III. WHAT WAS THE TRUE NATURE OF SLAVERY? (pages 377-378)
1. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, American Negro Slavery, 1918:"happy slave"
theory
2. Stanley Elkins, Slavery, 1959 - harsh slavery conditions
3. Eugene Genovese, paternalism and slavery; "Sambo" stereotype
4.
Kenneth Stampp, study of slave resistance
5. Lawrence Levine, Black
Culture and Black Consciousness, 1977 - Sambo as
sham, retention of African culture
MANIFEST DESTINY AND ITS LEGACY, 1841-1848 Ch. 18, pgs. 380-399
I. THE TYLER PRESIDENCY (pages 380-387)
1. John L. O'Sullivan, "Manifest Destiny"
2. John Tyler, "His Accidency,"
"president without a party"
3. British travel books, (Domestic
Manners of the Americans, Frances
Trollope,
1832), "Third War with England," 1837 Canadian rebellion,
the Caroline Affair, 1841 Creole Affair,
Maine-New Brunswick boundary
dispute, Aroostook War,
Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 4.
Lone Star Republic, treaties with France, Holland, Belgium (1839-40)
5.
Captain Robert Gray 1792 Columbia River, Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-
1806, missionaries Willamette River Valley 1830's,
Convention of 1818,
"Oregon Fever" 1841, Oregon Trail,
"border ruffians,""Fifty-four Forty or
Fight" (1846)
a. What was the Whig legislative program at the beginning of Harrison's term?
b. What factors resulted in difficulties between Great Britain and the U.S.?
c. Why was Great Britain very interested in Texas?
d. What nations
claimed the Oregon Territory? Why were only two left in the
1840's? Upon what were Britain's claims based?
II. POLK WHO? (pages 387-390)
1. Election of 1844, Texas issue, Oregon issue, James K. Polk, "Young
Hickory," "Dark Horse," Henry Clay, Liberty Party, James
G. Birney
2. Texas annexation by joint resolution of Congress (early 1845)
3. Walker Tariff 1846, restoration of the independent treasury 1846
4.
Oregon Territory, 49th. parallel, Oregon Treaty, 1846
Page 3
a. What two major factors motivated those who espoused Manifest Destiny?
b. What was Polk's four-point program?
III. WAR WITH MEXICO (pages 390-395,398)
1. Texas border, Nueces River, Rio Grande
2. John Slidell mission to
Mexico City 1845
3. General Zachary Taylor, "American blood on the American
soil," "Mr. Polk's
War," Abraham Lincoln (Whig
congressman from Illinois) - "spotty Lincoln"
4. Santa Anna deal and
double-cross
5. Colonel Stephen Kearny, Santa Fe, California, John C.
Fremont, 1846,
California Bear Flag Republic
6.
General Zachary Taylor, "Old Rough and Ready," Monterrey, Battle of Buena
Vista 2/22-23/1847; General Winfield Scott, "Old Fuss and
Feathers,"
Veracruz, Mexico City, Sept., 1847
(yellow fever)
7. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848
8.
David Wilmot, Wilmot Proviso, August 1846
a. What problems existed between the United States and Mexico in the 1840's?
b. For what reasons was Polk prepared to declare war (May 9, 1846)? What
reason was actually cited?
c. Why did Polk provoke
war with Mexico?
d. What were the terms of the treaty with Mexico?
e.
What were the results of the war with Mexico?
f. What was the effect of the
Wilmot Proviso?
IV. THE CALIFORNIOS (pages 396-397)
1. Mexican Cession
2. Father Junipero Serra, Franciscan missions
3.
1821 secularization program, ranchos
RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE, 1848-1854,Ch. 19, pgs. 400-419
I. COMPROMISE OF 1850 (pages 400-410)
1. northern abolitionists, southern "fire-eaters"
2. Election of 1848,
Democrats: Lewis Cass (popular sovereignty) and William
Butler, Whigs: Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore, Free Soil Party:
Martin Van Buren, "Free soil, free speech, free labor,
and free men"
3. California Gold Rush, "gold fever," Sutter's Mill, James
Marshall, Jan.
1848, "forty-niners," placer mining, San
Francisco, (Levi Strauss)
4. Underground Railroad, Harriet
Tubman, "Moses"
5. Henry Clay, "Great Pacificator," (omnibus
bill) 6. Stephen A. Douglas, "Little Giant"
7. John C, Calhoun, "Great
Nullifier"
8. Daniel Webster, Seventh of March Speech (1850)
9. William
H. Seward, "higher law" argument opposing extension of slavery
10. Millard
Fillmore, Compromise of 1850, "Second Era of Good Feelings"
11. Fugitive
Slave Act 1850, personal liberty laws
a. What was the basis of the Free Soilers beliefs?
b. What advantages did
the South enjoy by 1850?
c. Which side gained the advantage as a result of
the Compromise of 1850?
Explain.
d. What were the
side effects of the Fugitive Slave Law?
Page 4
II. THE 1850'S (pages 411-419)
1. Election of 1852, Democrats: Franklin Pierce, second Dark Horse; Whigs:
Winfield Scott; Free Soilers: John P. Hale; "finality
men"
2. (Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin,
1852)
3. "slavocrats," Nicaragua, William Walker
4.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850
5. Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1854 commercial
treaty with Japan, "opening of
Japan"
6. Cuba,
1850-51 "filibustering" expeditions; Spanish seize American ship -
Black Warrior 1854, Ostend Manifesto
7.
England, France, Russia, Crimean War 1854-56
8. camel experiment; question
of northern or southern route for the
transcontinental
railroad, Gadsden Purchase 1853
9. Stephen Douglas, Kansas-Nebraska bill,
Missouri Compromise, 36 30'N,
Kansas-Nebraska Act, May
1854
10. Republican Party, 1854, "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men"
a. Why was the Whig party split during the election of 1852? What did this
forebode?
b. Why was the South interested in the
Caribbean?
c. Why did the Pierce administration not move against Cuba in
1854?
d. What transportation difficulties were magnified by the Mexican
Cession?
e. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
f. What
groups united in the Republican Party in the 1850's?
DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION, 1854-1861,Chapter 20, pgs. 420-443
I. BLEEDING KANSAS (pages 420-425)
1. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852, "Tom shows"
2.
Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, 1857
3. Kansas,
Sharpe rifles, "Beecher's Bibles," Henry Ward Beecher
4. territorial
legislature elections 1855, Border Ruffians, Shawnee Mission
government; Free Soilers, Topeka government, Lawrence
1856,"Bleeding
Kansas," John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek
1856; Lecompton Constitution 1857
5. May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner
(Mass.), "The Crime against Kansas"
speech, Senator
Andrew Butler (S.Car.), Representative Preston Brooks
a. What prompted Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin?
II. THE BUCHANAN PRESIDENCY (pages 425-433)
1. Election of 1856, Democrats: James Buchanan, Republicans: John Fremont,
Know-Nothings: Millard Fillmore
2. American Party,
Know-Nothings, 1853-1856, nativists
3. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857, Chief
Justice Roger B. Taney
4. Panic of 1857, Tariff of 1857
5. Illinois
senatorial election 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas, Abraham
Lincoln, series of 7 Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Freeport
Doctrine
6. John Brown, Harpers Ferry Virginia, October 1859
a. Why did Buchanan win the Election of 1856?
b. What were the effects of
the Dred Scott decision?
c. Why were eastern industrialists and Southern
planters opposed to a
homestead act for western
lands?
Page 5
III. 1860-1861 (pages 434-441)
1. Election of 1860, Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas, Southern
Democrats: John Breckinridge, Constitutional Union Party:
John Bell,
Republicans: Abraham Lincoln, the Wigwam
2. December 20, 1869, South Carolina Ordinance of Secession
3. Deep
South: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
4. February
1861, Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, Alexander
H. Stephens,
vice president of the Confederacy, Montgomery Alabama 5.
Senator John Crittenden, Crittenden Compromise, 1860, Lincoln rejection
a. What caused the split in the Democratic Party in 1860?
b. What was the
Republican platform in 1860?
c. What was southern reaction to the
possibility of a Lincoln victory?
d. What factor brought about the secession
of southern states?
IV. THE CIVIL WAR: REPRESSIBLE OR IRREPRESSIBLE? (pages 442-443)
1. Nationalist School, late 19th. century, James Ford Rhodes - slavery
2.
Progressive Historians, early 20th. century, Charles and Mary Beard
3. Civil
War as a mistake, James G. Randall, Avery Craven, post-WWI
4. Neonationalist
View, post-WWII, Civil War inevitable, Allan Nevins,
David M. Potter
5. Eric Foner - free labor ideology
6. Eugene Genovese -
Southerners feared end to their way of life
7. Ethnocultural School -
collapse of political parties allowed slavery to
become
dominant issue
GIRDING FOR WAR: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH,
1861-1865,
Chapter 21, pages 444-460
I. WAR BEGINS (pages 444-448)
1. Lincoln inauguration 3/4/1861, Seward's foreign war scheme 4/1/1861
2.
April 12 1861, Fort Sumter, Charleston harbor, Civil War
3. Upper South:
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
4. Richmond Virginia, second
Confederate capital
5. Border States: Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland,
Delaware; West Virginia mid-
1861; "Butternut Region"
6. Billy Yank, Johnny Reb; Blue and Gray
a. Why did Lincoln declare that the war was not being fought to free slaves?
b. What did he give as the purpose of the war?
c. How were the Native
Americans in the territories split by the war?
II. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES (pages 448-460)
1. Robert E. Lee, General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
2. "King Cotton
Diplomacy," Trent Affair 1861, Alabama (1871 arbitration),
Laird rams 1863
3. Canada, Irish-American invasions
1866.1870, Dominion of Canada 1867
4. Emperor Napoleon III of France, French
occupation of Mexico City 1863,
Austrian Archduke
Maximilian, Secretary of State Seward 1865
5. Abraham Lincoln, expansion of
federal authority, shipbuilding program,
suspension of
the writ of habeas corpus, martial law
6. 1863 federal conscription law, New
York City draft riot, "bounty boys,"
deserters; 1862
conscription in South
Page 6
7. Morrill Tariff Act 1861
8. Jay Cooke and Company, bonds
9.
greenbacks, excise tax, income tax
10. National Banking System 1863,
National Banking Act
11. "Age of Shoddy"
12. discovery of petroleum in
Pennsylvania, "Fifty-Niners"
13. Homestead Act 1862
14. Dr. Elizabeth
Blackwell, U.S. Sanitary Commission; Clara Barton, Dorothea
Dix - Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army; Sally
Tompkins -
ran Richmond infirmary
a. What advantages did the South have at the beginning of the war? North?
What disadvantages did each side have?
b. Why didn't
Britain and France aid the South?
c. What questionable actions did Lincoln
take at the beginning of the war?
d. How could one avoid conscription in the
North? the South?
e. How did the North finance the war? the South?
f.
What immoral and illegal economic acts were some guilty of during the
Civil War?
g. In what ways did the North become
economically stronger during the war?
h. How did women participate in the
war effort?
THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865,Chapter 22, pages 461-486
I. BULL RUN AND THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN (pages 461-465)
1. July 21 1861, Manassas Junction, First Battle of Bull Run, General
Irvin McDowell (U), General P.G.T. Beauregard (C),
"Stonewall" Jackson,
Southern Victory
2.
General George McClellan (U), Army of the Potomac, Pinkerton's Detective
Agency, "the slows," "Tardy George," Yorktown, Seven
Days' battles (6/26
thru 7/2/1862), General Robert E. Lee
(C), Richmond saved
3. (Anaconda Plan)
a. What were the effects of the Confederate victory at First Bull Run?
b.
Why did Union troops love McClellan?
c. What was union strategy at the
beginning of the war? What strategy
developed after the
failed Peninsular Campaign?
II. WAR AT SEA (page 466)
1. blockade-running, "ultimate destination" and "continuous voyage"
justification for seizure of British freighters
2.
Monitor (U), Merrimack - Virginia (C), ironclads (3/9/1862)
a. Why did Britain honor the Union blockade?
b. What was the lasting
significance of the battle between the Monitor and
the Merrimack?
III. ANTIETAM AND AFTER (pages 467-472)
1. Second Battle of Bull Run (8/29-30/1862), Robert E. Lee (C), General John
Pope (U), Southern victory
2. Confederate Offensive,
Sharpsburg, Antietam (9/17-18/1862), Union win
3. Emancipation Proclamation,
September 23 1862, effective January 1 1863 4.
(Horace Greeley, New York Tribune, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions,"
Lincoln's reply to Greeley)
Page 7
a. What goals did Lee wish to accomplish by going into Maryland? What
error undermined his hopes?
b. What were the effects
of the Union victory at Antietam?
c. Who was freed by the Emancipation
Proclamation?
d. In what ways were blacks involved in the war effort?
IV. TURNING POINT OF THE CIVIL WAR (pages 472-473)
1. General A.E. Burnside (U), General Jeb Stuart (C), Battle of
Fredericksburg (12-13-1862), Confederate victory
2.
"Fighting Joe" Hooker (U), Battle of Chancellorsville, 5/2-4/1863, Robert
E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Confederate victory
3.
General George Meade (U), Gettysburg, 7/1-3/1863, General George Pickett
(C), Pickett's Charge ("high tide of the Confederacy"),
Union victory,
Gettysburg Address
a. What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
V. WAR IN THE WEST (pages 473-475)
1. Ulysses S. Grant, Forts Henry (Feb.6,1862) and Donelson (Feb.16,1862),
"unconditional and immediate surrender"
2. Battle of
Shiloh, 4/6-7/1862, General Albert Sidney Johnston (C) 3.
Admiral David Farragut (U), capture of New Orleans (April, 1862)
4.
Vicksburg, 7/4/1863, Union victory
a. What was the importance of the Battle of Vicksburg?
VI. SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA (pages 475-477)
1. Battle of Chattanooga Nov. 1863, General William Tecumseh Sherman, Sherman
Captures Atlanta 9/2/1864, Sherman's March to the Sea,
Savannah Dec. 1864,
total war, March through the
Carolinas
VII. POLITICS OF WAR (pages 477-479)
1. Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War 1861, Radical
Republicans (George Julian, Charles Sumner,
Thaddeus Stevens)
2. Democratic Party Split, "War Democrats," "Peace
Democrats," Copperheads,
Clement L. Vallandigham
3.
Election of 1864, Democrats: George McClellan, peace plank; Republicans:
Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, National Union ticket,
"bayonet vote"
VIII. THE END OF THE WAR (pages 480-484)
1. Battle of the Wilderness 5/5-7/1864, Battle of Spotsylvania 5/8-20/1864
Battle of Cold Harbor 6/1-12/1864, Siege of Petersburg
6/16/1864 4/2/65
2. Capture of Richmond, Lee Surrenders, April 9 1865,
Appomatox Courthouse
3. Good Friday, April 14 1865, Ford's
Theater, Our American Cousin, John
Wilkes Booth,
April 15 1865; Stanton - "Now he belongs to the ages."
a. What were the total military casualties of the war?
b. What was the
estimated cost of the war?
c. What economic, political, and social changes
were effected by the war?
IX. VARYING VIEWPOINTS: WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL
WAR?
1. 13th. Amendment 1865
Page 8
THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1877,Ch. 23, pages 487-509
I. PEACE AND THE FREEDMEN (pages 487-491)
1. Freedmen's Bureau March 3, 1865, Oliver O. Howard, ended 1872
a. What four major questions needed to be addressed at the end of the war?
b. What problems beset the South by the end of the war?
c. How did
blacks respond to emancipation? What institutions were developed?
II. THE ANDREW JOHNSON PRESIDENCY (pages 491-495)
1. December 1863, Lincoln's 10% Plan
2. Wade-Davis Bill 1864, 50%,
"iron-clad oath," pocket veto
3. Johnson's Reconstruction Plan:
disfranchised certain leading Confederates,
special state
conventions to repudiate secession & ratify 13th. Amendment
4. Johnson's
pardon bonanza
5. Black Codes, passes, curfew, vagrancy laws, restrictive
labor contracts,
III. THE CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (pages 495-500)
1. 12/4/1865 - southern congressional delegations rejected by Congress
2.
Freedmen's Bureau Renewal, Johnson veto 2/1866, Civil Rights Bill 3/1866,
Johnson veto, overridden
3. Fourteenth Amendment
1866, 1866 congressional elections, "swing around the
circle," Republican mandate
4. Radical Republicans: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus
Stevens
5. Reconstruction Act of 1867
6. ex parte Milligan 1866 -
military tribunals cannot try civilians
7. Fifteenth Amendment 1870
8.
"Redeemers," "Home Rule"; 1877 end of Reconstruction
a. How did women respond to the Reconstruction Amendments?
IV. LIFE IN THE RECONSTRUCTION SOUTH (pages 500-503)
1. Union League Clubs, black officeholders
2. Carpetbaggers, Scalawags
3. (Regulators), Ku Klux Klan 1866 (Invisible Empire of the
South),
nightriders, Force Acts (1870,71)
4.
sharecropping, lien laws
a. How did white southerners resist Reconstruction?
V. IMPEACHMENT (pages 504-506)
1. Tenure of Office Act 1867, dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton 1868
3. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson by House of Representatives 1868, trial in
the Senate, acquittal
4. Alaska Purchase Treaty 1867,
Secretary of State William Seward
a. What factors led to the impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson? What
were the results?
VI. HERITAGE OF RECONSTRUCTION (page 506)
a. What were the effects of Reconstruction?