OVERVIEW: HISTORICAL PERIOD #7

THE GILDED AGE, BIG BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, LABOR, FARMERS, REFORM



FORGING AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, Part Four, pages 510-511

** This is an excellent overview of the time period. **

a. What change occurred in the United States between 1860 and 1898?
b. What changes occurred in the American characteristic of "individualism"?
c. How did the South differ from the rest of the country?
d. What were the results of the new wealth and power engendered by
    industrialism?
 

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE 1869-1889, Ch. 24, pages 512-535

I. GRANT, "LET US HAVE PEACE", pages 512-518

1. Election of 1868, Republicans: Ulysses S. Grant, "waving the bloody
    shirt," "Vote as You Shot"; Democrats: Horatio Seymour, "Ohio Idea"
2. "Era of Good Stealings," "Jubilee Jim" Fisk, Jay Gould, 1869 plot to
    corner the gold market, Black Friday September 24, 1869
3. Tweed Ring, New York City, "Boss" Tweed, New York Times, Thomas Nast,
    prosecutor Samuel J. Tilden
4. Grant's Cabinet, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, Secretary of War
    William Belknap 1876
5. Credit Mobilier Scandal 1867-68, 1872
6. Tammany Hall, "honest graft"
7. Whiskey Ring 1875
8. Election of 1872, Republicans: Grant; Liberal Republicans: "Turn the
    Rascals Out," Horace Greeley; Democrats: Greeley
9. General Amnesty Act 1872
10. Panic of 1873, Jay Cooke & Company, greenbackers, "sound money" men,
     Resumption Act of 1875
11. Coinage of silver ends, "Crime of '73," contraction, Redemption Day 1879,
     Bland-Allison Act of 1878, Greenback Labor Party 1878
12. "Gilded Age," Mark Twain 1878
13. elections, "ticket-splitting," straight party ticket, patronage, spoils
14. Grand Army of the Republic (Generally All Republicans), (Civil War
     pensions)
15. New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, Republican, "the Stalwarts"
16. James G. Blaine, "the Plumed Knight", Republican, "the Half Breeds"

a. What campaign plank did the Democrats debate in 1868?
b. Whose votes resulted in Grant's victory in 1860?
c. What distinguished the Election of 1872?
d. What was the effect of the Liberal Republicans on the regular Republicans?
e. What caused the Panic of 1873?
f. Why were there so many greenbacks in circulation in the 1870's? Why did
   hard money people want them recalled? Why did soft money people want
   more greenbacks in circulation?
g. What characterized presidential elections in the Gilded Age? 


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II. ELECTION OF 1876 AND AFTERMATH, pages 519-523

1. Election of 1876, Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes; Democrats: Samuel
    J. Tilden, disputed election returns, "swing votes"
2. Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, electoral commission, deal to
    remove federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, southern
    transcontinental line, End of Reconstruction
3. Civil Rights Act 1875, equal accommodations in public places, no racial
    discrimination in jury selection, (Bradwell v. Illinois, SC upholds gender
    discrimination; Slaughterhouse Cases, SC narrowly interprets 14th.
    Amendment so that individual rights are not granted federal protection;
    1876, United States v. Cruikshank, SC rules states have the duty to
    protect equal rights not the federal government; 1876 United States v.
    Reese, SC ruled 15th. Amendment did not guarantee the right to vote);
    Civil Rights Cases 1883
4. Jim Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, "separate but equal," (Cummins v.
    County Board of Education 1899), lynchings
5. Unrest among railroad workers, Hayes sends in federal troops 1877, "great
    railroad strike"
6. Kearneyites, "beef-eaters vs rice-eaters," Chinese coolies, Hayes vetoes
    bill limiting Chinese immigration 1879, Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

a. What was the Constitutional dilemma in 1876?
b. What methods were used in the South to circumvent the 14th. and 15th.
    Amendments after Reconstruction ended?
c. How did Southerners make blacks economically dependent?
d. What problems beset the Chinese immigrants who had come originally to
    work in the gold fields and build the transcontinental railroad?
 

III.THE CHINESE, pages 524-525

1. San Francisco - "golden mountain"
2. contract labor
3. Chinatowns, secret societies - tongs

IV. HAYES, GARFIELD, ARTHUR, pages 526-529

1. "Lemonade Lucy," "cold-water administration"
2. Election of 1880, Republicans: James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur;
    Democrats: Winfield S. Hancock
3. Secretary of State James G. Blaine
4. Charles Guiteau, September 19, 1881
5. Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883, Civil Service Commission

a. What effect did Garfield's death have?
b. How did attaining the presidency affect Arthur?
c. To whom did politicians turn when civil service began to limit patronage?
d. Why wasn't Arthur nominated for the presidency in 1884?

V. CLEVELAND, pages 529-533

1. Election of 1884, Republicans: James G. Blaine, "tattooed man"; Mugwumps;
    Democrats: Grover Cleveland
2. New York State, "rum, Romanism, and rebellion"
3. veterans' pension problem; 1881 budget surplus; Cleveland backs a lower
    tariff


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a. What negative characteristics did Blaine have as a candidate?
b. What Cleveland quote reveals his position in regard to executive activism?
c. What policy position resulted in Cleveland's losing the presidential
    election of 1888?

VI. BENJAMIN HARRISON WINS IN 1888, pages 533-534

1. Election of 1888, Republicans: Benjamin Harrison, "Young Tippecanoe";
    Democrats: Grover Cleveland
2. Cleveland accomplishments: Dawes Severalty Act 1887, Interstate Commerce
    Act 1887
 
 

INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE 1865-1900, Ch. 25, pages 536-563

I. RAILS SPANNING THE NATION, pages 536-544

1. Union Pacific Railroad (Omaha), Credit Mobilier construction company,
    Paddies, "hells on wheels"
2. Central Pacific Railroad (Sacramento), Big Four (Leland Stanford, Chinese
    Coolies
3. Promontory Point Utah, May 10, 1869, gold spike, Stanford University
    Museum
4. Northern Pacific RR; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe; Southern Pacific;
    Great Northern (James J. Hill)
5. New York Central, "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
6. steel rail, standard gauge rails, Westinghouse air brake 1870's, Pullman
    Palace Cars 1860's
7. "iron horse"
8. time zones November 18, 1883, railroad standard time
9. railroad corruption, Jay Gould, stock watering, bribery
10. pools, rebates, kickbacks
11. "American Dream"
12. Grange (Patrons of Husbandry), Wabash case 1883 (states could not
     regulate interstate commerce), Interstate Commerce Act 1887, ICC

a. Why were government subsidies necessary for building of railroad lines?
b. What did the government get in return for land grants and money subsidies?
c. What were some effects of the railroads?
d. What distinction does the Interstate Commerce Act hold?

II. STEEL AND STUFF, pages 544-549

1. Stock ticker, cash register, typewriter
2. refrigerator car, electric dynamo, electric railway
3. telephone, Alexander Graham Bell 1876, switchboard operators
4. Thomas Alva Edison, "Wizard of Menlo Park," electric light 1879,
    phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving picture
5. Captains of Industry: Andrew Carnegie, Steel King; John D. Rockefeller,
    Oil Baron; J. Pierpont Morgan, Banking Genius
6. Carnegie, Pioneer of Vertical Integration
7. Horizontal Integration, Rockefeller, the trust, Standard Oil Company 1870
8. Morgan, interlocking directorates
9. Heavy Industry, capital goods
10. Light Industry, consumer goods
11. Steel making, Bessemer Process (British), William Kelly (American)
12. Carnegie, "Napoleon of the Smokestacks", Morgan buy-out - 1901 United
     States Steel Corporation (first billion dollar corporation)


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13. Oil, 1859 Pennsylvania, "Drake's Folly", kerosene replaces whale oil
14. gasoline-burning internal combustion engine
15. oil trust, sugar trust, tobacco trust, leather trust, harvester trust
16. Gustavus F, Swift, Philip Armour

a. What place did the U.S. hold among manufacturing nations by 1894?
b. What were the reasons for this position?
c. What were the advantages of vertical integration?
d. What were the advantages of the industrial combinations?

III. PRIVATE & PUBLIC RESPONSE TO ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH, pgs. 550-51

1. Gospel of Wealth, Andrew Carnegie
2. Social Darwinism, William Graham Sumner
3. Reverend Russell Conwell, "Acres of Diamonds" sermon
4. Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

a. What arguments did captains of industry use against government regulation
    of business?
 

IV. THE SOUTH, pages 551-554

1. 1880's cigarettes, James Buchanan Duke, "coffin nails", 1890 American
    Tobacco Company
2. "The New South," Henry W. Grady
3. 1880's cotton mill construction, cheap labor, mill towns, company stores

a. What obstacles to southern industrialization were there?
 

V. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, pages 554-556

1. "Gibson Girl"

a. What were the effects of industrialization in the United States?
b. How were women affected by the industrial age?
 

VI. BEGINNINGS OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT, pages 556-559, 562

1. strikebreakers (scabs), injunctions, lockouts, ironclad oaths, yellow dog
    contracts, black lists
2. craft unions (early 19th. century)
3. National Labor Union, 1866, died 1872, 600,000 members from all types of
    work, won 8-hour day for government workers
4. Colored National Labor Union
5. Knights of Labor, 1869, open to all workers, goal to establish a
    cooperative society with economic and social reform, worked for the 8-hour
    day, Philadelphia, Terence V. Powderly 1879, opposition to strikes, 1885
    750,000 members
6. Chicago, strikes, McCormick reaper factory, Haymarket Square Riot May 4,
    1886, Knights begin to decline late 1880's due to public perception of
    links to anarchists
7. American Federation of Labor, 1886, Samuel Gompers (1886-94),federation of
    craft unions, worked for better wages, hours, and working conditions,
    closed shop, walkouts, boycotts


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8. (1892, Homestead Pennsylvania, Carnegie Steel Company, Henry C. Frick,
    Pinkerton guards, five month strike fails)
9. Labor Day 1894

a. What negative factors existed for labor as industrialization increased?
b. How did the Civil War give new strength to labor unions?
c. Did most workers belong to unions in this time period?

VII. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, pages 560-561

1. Mary Harris (Mother) Jones
2. supported Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 and Contract Labor Law 1885
3. Utopian dream

VIII. INDUSTRIALIZATION: BOON OR BLIGHT?, pages 562-563

1. 19th. century Captains of Industry dubbed "Robber Barons" in the 1930's
2. land of opportunity ideal, rags to riches Horatio Alger stories
 

AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY 1865-1900, Ch. 26, pages 565-596

I. GROW CITIES, GROW!, pages 565-568

1. Skyscraper, Chicago 1885, electric elevator
2. Louis Sullivan, "form follows function"
3. commuter society, mass transit lines, electric trolleys, megalopolis
4. Brooklyn Bridge 1883
5. Macy's New York, Marshall Field's Chicago, consumerism
6. urban problem of waste disposal
7. 1879 dumbbell tenement, New York's "Lung Block", flophouses
8. suburbs - bedroom communities

a. What cities had a million residents each by 1890? NEW YORK, CHICAGO,
b. What problems beset cities?

II. IMMIGRATION, pages 569-571,574-578

1. pre-1880's immigrants: mostly from British Isles and western Europe
    (especially Germany and Scandinavia)
2. New Immigrants (1880-1920): Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Greeks, Poles
    (eastern and southern Europe); "birds of passage"
3. political machines and the New Immigrants
4. Social Gospel, "Christian Socialists
5. Jane Addams, Hull House 1889, Chicago, settlement houses, pacifist, Nobel
    Peace Prize 1931
6. Lilian Wald, Henry Street Settlement, New York City 1893
7. Florence Kelly, advocate for women, children, blacks, consumers; general
    secretary of National Consumers League
8. social work
9. antiforeignism, nativism, American Protective Association 1887,
    immigration laws excluding "defective undesirables", Chinese Exclusion
    Act 1882
10. Statue of Liberty 1886, Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"

a. What was the attraction of the U.S. for the "New Immigrants"?
b. How did New Immigrants preserve their native culture? 


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III. THE ITALIANS, pages 572-573

1. bocci, pizza
2. longshoremen, construction workers, padrone system
 

IV. RELIGION AND URBANIZATION, pages 578-580

1. Episcopalians and the Republican Party
2. rise of materialism
3. Dwight Lyman Moody, urban circuit rider, Moody Bible Institute 1889
4. Roman Catholicism, Cardinal Gibbons
5, Salvation Army 1879
6. Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Scientist), Mary Baker Eddy 1879
7. YMCA, YWCA
8. On the Origin of the Species 1859, Charles Darwin, evolution, survival of
    the fittest, Modernists
9. Conservatives, Fundamentalists, literal interpretation of the Bible,
Billy Sunday
 

V. EDUCATION AND SUCH, pages 580-585

1. elementary schools 1850's; high schools 1880's-90's, free textbooks
2. normal schools, kindergartens, parochial schools
3. Chautauqua Movement 1874, lyceums, home study
4. Booker T. Washington, Tuskeegee Normal and Industrial School Headmaster
    1881, self-help approach - "accomodationist", social equality vs. economic
    independence leading eventually to political and civil rights, "one hand,
    separate fingers" argument
5. George Washington Carver, Tuskeegee faculty 1896, agricultural chemist
    (peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes)
6. W.E.B. Du Bois, Harvard Ph.D., 1903 The Souls of Black Folk, NAACP 1910,
    "talented tenth"
7. Vassar, Howard, Hampton Institute
8. Morrill Act of 1862, "land-grant colleges"
9. Hatch Act 1887, agricultural experimental stations
10. private universities, Cornell 1865, Stanford 1891, University of Chicago
     1892
11. professional and technical schools, Johns Hopkins University 1876
12. medical schools, improved public health, Louis Pasteur (French), Joseph
     Lister (English)
13. William James, Principles of Psychology 1890, behavioral psychology,
     Pragmatism 1907
14. public libraries, Library of Congress 1897, Andrew Carnegie
15. newspapers, linotype 1885, sensationalism
16. Joseph Pulitzer, New York World, leader in sensationalism, "yellow
     journalism", reporter Nellie Bly
17. William Randolph Hearst, San Francisco Examiner 1887
18. Associated Press founded 1840's, strengthened in 1890's+
19. Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's Monthly, New York Nation 1865
20. Reformer Henry George, Progress and Poverty 1879, single tax on unearned
     increments (such as the increased value of land)
21. Novelist Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000-1887 1888, society
     organized on "principle of fraternal cooperation", Nationalism,
     Nationalist Clubs (Bellamy Clubs)


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a. What educational concept was adopted on a national basis before the Civil
    War? Why?
b. What was the relation between compulsory school attendance laws and child
    labor?
c. How did Du Bois' ideas differ from Washington's? What did DuBois label
    Washington?
d. How did university curriculum's change during this time?
 

VI. LITERATURE, pages 585-588

1. dime novels, Harlan F. Halsey
2. General Lew Wallace, Ben Hur 1880 (favorite of anti-Darwinists)
3. Horatio Alger, juvenile fiction, "rags to riches" stories
4. Walt Whitman still popular!, Leaves of Grass, O Captain! My Captain!
    When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
5. Emily Dickenson, lyric poet, 1886 death and discovery of her poems
6. Sydney Lanier, southerner, poet
7. romance gives way to realism
8. feminist author Kate Chopin, The Awakening 1899
9. Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, use of American dialect
10. Bret Harte, gold rush stories
11. William Dean Howells, editor of Atlantic Monthly 1871, essays concerning
    controversial social themes
12. Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage 1895
13. Henry James, novelist, psychological realism
14. Jack London, nature writer, socialist
15. Frank Norris, novels explored Gilded Age corruption
16. Paul Lawrence Dunbar, poet, use of black dialect and folklore
17. Theodore Dreiser, social novelist
 

VII. THE NEW MORALITY, pages 588-592

1. Victoria Woodhull, free love declaration 1871
2. Anthony Comstock, 1873 Comstock Law (anti-obscenity)
3. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics 1898
4. National American Woman Suffrage Association 1890 (membership limited to
    whites), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
5. New leaders in the women's movement 1900: Carrie Chapman Catt
6. Wyoming Territory, "the Equality State", first unrestricted women's
    suffrage 1869
7. General Federation of Women's Clubs
8. Black women's movements, Ida B. Wells, anti-lynching campaign, National
    Association of Colored Women 1896
9. Demon Rum, corner saloons, National Prohibition Party 1869, Women's
    Christian Temperance Union 1874, Frances E. Willard, Carrie Nation
10. Anti-Saloon League 1893, "dry" states, 18th. Amendment 1919
11. American Red Cross 1881, Clara Barton

a. What did women's economic freedom encourage?
b. What were the results of the "New Morality"?
c. What were the effects of urbanization?
d. How did the suffragists argument for the ballot change in the early 1900's


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VIII. ART AND OTHER FUN STUFF, pages 593-596

1. Portraits: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt
2. Landscapes: George Inness
3. Realism in portraits: Thomas Eakins
4. Winslow Homer, seascapes
5. Sculpture: Augustus Saint-Gaudens
6. birth of symphony orchestras; Metropolitan Opera House 1883
7. spirituals, "ragged music", blues, ragtime, jazz
8. phonograph, "canned music"
9. Architecture: Louis Sullivan, Henry H. Richardson, Richardsonian style
    (ornamental style with high-vaulted arches)
10. Columbian Exposition Chicago 1893, revival of classical architectural
     forms
11. vaudeville, minstrel shows
12. Phineas T. Barnum, James A. Bailey, "Greatest Show on Earth" 1881
13. Wild West Shows 1883, William F. (Buffalo Bill) Cody, Annie Oakley
14. organized sports, baseball, New York Knickerbocker Club 1845, National
     League 1876, American League 1901, first World Series 1903
15. rise of spectator sport vs. participative sports, football
16. pugilism, "Gentleman Jim" Corbett defeats John L. Sullivan for world
     championship 1892
17. croquet, bicycling, safety bicycle 1888
18. basketball 1891 James Naismith

a. Where did 19th. century American portrait painters do most of their work?
 

THE GREAT WEST AND THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 1865-1890,
Ch. 27, pages 598-622

I. PLIGHT OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS, pages 598-605

1. frontier line, Great West
2. Plains Indians, importance of the horse
3. spread of disease from white intruders: cholera, typhoid, smallpox
4. dwindling of the bison population, tribes in conflict for control of
    remaining hunting grounds
5. Fort Laramie treaties 1851, Fort Atkinson treaties 1853, beginning of the
    reservation system (1850's to 1880's)
6. 1860's, Great Sioux Reservation (Dakota territory), Indian Territory
    (Oklahoma), Indian agents often corrupt
7. 1868-1890 Indian-white warfare; generals Sherman, Sheridan, Custer
8. Sand Creek Massacre, Colorado 1864, Colonel J.M. Chivington, Cheyennes
9. Sioux massacre of Fetterman's forces 1866, Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868,
    U.S. gov't abandons the Bozeman Trail
10. Custer discovers gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota on the Sioux
     reservation 1874, gold-seekers prompt Indian retaliation
11. Colonel George Custer, Seventh Cavalry, Little Big Horn River, June 1876,
     Dakotas, Rain-in-the-Face, Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
12. Nez Perce Indians, Idaho, war 1877, Chief Joseph
13. Apache, Arizona and New Mexico, Geronimo
14. Frederic Remington, painter of the Far West
15. Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor 1881, Ramona 1884
16. suppression of native American religions, 1870's missionary efforts,
     "white mobility ethic" (ambition, thrift, materialism)


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17. 1884 Sun Dance outlawed,.1890 Ghost Dance Movement (Dakota Sioux) ,
     Massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
18. Dawes Severalty Act 1887, Indian Bureau of the Interior Department
19. citizenship granted to all Indians 1924
20. Carlisle Indian School (Pa.) 1879, Indian boarding schools
21. Indian Reorganization Act 1934

a. How many Indians were there in the Great West in 1860? 1887? 1900?
b. What factors led to the "taming" of the Indians?
c. What did the buffalo provide for the Indians?
d. How many buffalo were in the West at the end of the Civil War? 1885?
e. What factors caused the demise of the buffalo herds?
f. What were the provisions of the Dawes Act?

II. MINING, pages 605, 608

1. discovery of gold and silver, Colorado, 1859, fifty-niners, Pike's
    Peakers, "Pike's Peak or Bust"
2. Nevada, 1859, Comstock Lode (gold and silver)
3. Boomtowns, Helldorados, ghost towns
4. placer mining gives way to control by mining companies
5. (Timber and Stone Act 1878)

III. THE PLAINS INDIANS, pages 606-607

1. pemmican, travois, mustangs (16th. century)

IV. CATTLE, pages 608-610

1. Texas long-horned cattle, transcontinental railroad
2. "beef barons": Swift, Armour; meat-packing business
3. stockyards: Kansas City, Chicago; refrigerator cars
4. open-range ranching, cowboys, branding, roundups, Long Drive (1866-1888),
    cattle trails, cow towns: Dodge City, Abilene, Ogallala, Cheyenne
5. (Deadwood, Tombstone, Clanton family, Johnny Ringo, Earp brothers: Wyatt,
    Jim, Morgan, Virgil, Warren; Bat Masterson, Doc Holliday; Shoot-out at
    the OK Corral, October 26 1881, Earps and Clantons)
6. homesteaders, barbed wire, sheepherders, range wars, 1885 Grover Cleveland
    order to remove illegal fences, killing winter of 1886-87
7. overexpansion, overgrazing
8. cattle raising becomes a big business, Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association
 

V. FARMING THE GREAT PLAINS, pages 610-614

1. Homestead Act of 1862
2. "induced colonization" by railroads
3. Great American Desert myth, 2. Great Migration to the Plains (1870-1890)
4. "sodbusters," sod houses, 100th. meridian, warning by John Wesley Powell
    1874, 6-year drought 1880's
5. dry farming", set-up for the Dust Bowl 1930's
6. "hard" wheat, sorghum, barbed wire - Joseph Glidden 1874, (Luther Burbank,
cross breeding)
7. New States: Colorado 1876 (Centennial State); 1889-90: North Dakota, South
    Dakota, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho; 1896: Utah, Mormons, polygamy
8. Oklahoma, "sooners", April 22, 1889, "boomers"


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9. 1890 Census, Closing of the Frontier, Frederick Jackson Turner, "The
    Significance of the Frontier in American History," 1893, American
    individualism, "the second chance"
11. late 1870's beginning of conservation movement, Yellowstone National Park
     1872, (John Muir), Yosemite National Park and Sequoia National Park
     1890

a. What was the underlying purpose of the Homestead Act?
b. What problems undermined the Homestead Act?
c. What did the frontier represent to Americans?

VI. THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE, pages 615-620

1. cash crops
2. mail order houses: Montgomery Ward catalog 1872, Sears Roebuck
3. 1870's: steam driven plows, seeders, harrows, binders
4. 1880's: combine (reaper-thresher drawn by horses)
5. "bonanza farms" foreshadow agribusinesses of 20th. century
6. California agricultural reputation, irrigation of the Central Valley
7. 1880's: increased production, decreased prices; farm mortgages,
    foreclosures; farm tenancy vs. farm ownership
8. grasshopper plague, cotton boll weevil South early 1890's
9. Greenback movement 1868
10. National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry 1867, Oliver H. Kelley
     Beginning: social, educational, fraternal activities; Later: cooperative
     owned stores, grain elevators and warehouses; promoted state regulation
     of RR rates and storage fees; Granger Laws, Wabash decision 1886
11. Greenback Labor Party, 1880 James B. Weaver presidential candidate
12. Farmers Alliance 1870's, Goals: nationalize railroads, abolish national
     banks, establish a graduated income tax, create a new federal subtreasury
     for crop storage
13. People's Party, Populism, Ignatius Donnelly, Mary Elizabeth Lease

a. What happened to the # of farms and farmers as agricultural mechanization
    increased?
b. What happened to farm production during this time?
c. What happened to world farm prices in the 1880's and 1890's? What
    happened to U.S. currency?
d. What was the cause of deflation at this time?
e. What other problems plagued the farmers during this time?
f. What drawbacks did the Farmers Alliance have?
 

VII. WAS THE WEST REALLY "WON"?, page 621

1. Turner thesis
2. New Western historians: ethnic and racial confrontations, topography,
    climate, roles of government and big business