THE GILDED AGE, BIG BUSINESS, INDUSTRY, LABOR, FARMERS, REFORM
FORGING AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, Part Four, pages 510-511
** This is an excellent overview of the time period. **
a. What change occurred in the United States between 1860 and 1898?
b.
What changes occurred in the American characteristic of "individualism"?
c.
How did the South differ from the rest of the country?
d. What were the
results of the new wealth and power engendered by
industrialism?
POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE 1869-1889, Ch. 24, pages 512-535
I. GRANT, "LET US HAVE PEACE", pages 512-518
1. Election of 1868, Republicans: Ulysses S. Grant, "waving the bloody
shirt," "Vote as You Shot"; Democrats: Horatio
Seymour, "Ohio Idea"
2. "Era of Good Stealings," "Jubilee Jim" Fisk, Jay
Gould, 1869 plot to
corner the gold market, Black Friday
September 24, 1869
3. Tweed Ring, New York City, "Boss" Tweed, New York
Times, Thomas Nast,
prosecutor Samuel J. Tilden
4. Grant's Cabinet, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, Secretary of War
William Belknap 1876
5. Credit Mobilier Scandal
1867-68, 1872
6. Tammany Hall, "honest graft"
7. Whiskey Ring 1875
8. Election of 1872, Republicans: Grant; Liberal Republicans:
"Turn the
Rascals Out," Horace Greeley; Democrats:
Greeley
9. General Amnesty Act 1872
10. Panic of 1873, Jay Cooke &
Company, greenbackers, "sound money" men,
Resumption Act of 1875
11. Coinage of silver ends, "Crime of '73,"
contraction, Redemption Day 1879,
Bland-Allison Act
of 1878, Greenback Labor Party 1878
12. "Gilded Age," Mark Twain 1878
13. elections, "ticket-splitting," straight party ticket, patronage, spoils
14. Grand Army of the Republic (Generally All Republicans), (Civil War
pensions)
15. New York Senator Roscoe Conkling,
Republican, "the Stalwarts"
16. James G. Blaine, "the Plumed Knight",
Republican, "the Half Breeds"
a. What campaign plank did the Democrats debate in 1868?
b. Whose votes
resulted in Grant's victory in 1860?
c. What distinguished the Election of
1872?
d. What was the effect of the Liberal Republicans on the regular
Republicans?
e. What caused the Panic of 1873?
f. Why were there so many
greenbacks in circulation in the 1870's? Why did
hard money
people want them recalled? Why did soft money people want
more
greenbacks in circulation?
g. What characterized presidential elections in
the Gilded Age?
Page 2
II. ELECTION OF 1876 AND AFTERMATH, pages 519-523
1. Election of 1876, Republicans: Rutherford B. Hayes;
Democrats: Samuel
J. Tilden, disputed election
returns, "swing votes"
2. Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, electoral
commission, deal to
remove federal troops from Louisiana
and South Carolina, southern
transcontinental line, End
of Reconstruction
3. Civil Rights Act 1875, equal accommodations in public
places, no racial
discrimination in jury selection,
(Bradwell v. Illinois, SC upholds gender
discrimination; Slaughterhouse Cases, SC narrowly interprets 14th.
Amendment so that individual rights are not granted
federal protection;
1876, United States v.
Cruikshank, SC rules states have the duty to
protect
equal rights not the federal government; 1876 United States v.
Reese, SC ruled 15th. Amendment did not guarantee
the right to vote);
Civil Rights Cases 1883
4. Jim
Crow Laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896, "separate but equal," (Cummins v.
County Board of Education 1899), lynchings
5. Unrest
among railroad workers, Hayes sends in federal troops 1877, "great
railroad strike"
6. Kearneyites, "beef-eaters vs
rice-eaters," Chinese coolies, Hayes vetoes
bill limiting
Chinese immigration 1879, Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
a. What was the Constitutional dilemma in 1876?
b. What methods were used
in the South to circumvent the 14th. and 15th.
Amendments
after Reconstruction ended?
c. How did Southerners make blacks economically
dependent?
d. What problems beset the Chinese immigrants who had come
originally to
work in the gold fields and build the
transcontinental railroad?
III.THE CHINESE, pages 524-525
1. San Francisco - "golden mountain"
2. contract labor
3. Chinatowns,
secret societies - tongs
IV. HAYES, GARFIELD, ARTHUR, pages 526-529
1. "Lemonade Lucy," "cold-water administration"
2. Election of 1880,
Republicans: James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur;
Democrats: Winfield S. Hancock
3. Secretary of
State James G. Blaine
4. Charles Guiteau, September 19, 1881
5.
Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883, Civil Service Commission
a. What effect did Garfield's death have?
b. How did attaining the
presidency affect Arthur?
c. To whom did politicians turn when civil service
began to limit patronage?
d. Why wasn't Arthur nominated for the presidency
in 1884?
V. CLEVELAND, pages 529-533
1. Election of 1884, Republicans: James G. Blaine, "tattooed man";
Mugwumps;
Democrats: Grover Cleveland
2. New York State, "rum, Romanism, and rebellion"
3. veterans' pension
problem; 1881 budget surplus; Cleveland backs a lower
tariff
Page 3
a. What negative characteristics did Blaine have as a candidate?
b. What
Cleveland quote reveals his position in regard to executive activism?
c.
What policy position resulted in Cleveland's losing the presidential
election of 1888?
VI. BENJAMIN HARRISON WINS IN 1888, pages 533-534
1. Election of 1888, Republicans: Benjamin Harrison, "Young
Tippecanoe";
Democrats: Grover Cleveland
2.
Cleveland accomplishments: Dawes Severalty Act 1887, Interstate Commerce
Act 1887
INDUSTRY COMES OF AGE 1865-1900, Ch. 25, pages 536-563
I. RAILS SPANNING THE NATION, pages 536-544
1. Union Pacific Railroad (Omaha), Credit Mobilier construction company,
Paddies, "hells on wheels"
2. Central Pacific
Railroad (Sacramento), Big Four (Leland Stanford, Chinese
Coolies
3. Promontory Point Utah, May 10, 1869, gold spike, Stanford
University
Museum
4. Northern Pacific RR; Atchison,
Topeka, and Santa Fe; Southern Pacific;
Great Northern
(James J. Hill)
5. New York Central, "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
6.
steel rail, standard gauge rails, Westinghouse air brake 1870's, Pullman
Palace Cars 1860's
7. "iron horse"
8. time zones
November 18, 1883, railroad standard time
9. railroad corruption, Jay Gould,
stock watering, bribery
10. pools, rebates, kickbacks
11. "American
Dream"
12. Grange (Patrons of Husbandry), Wabash case 1883 (states could not
regulate interstate commerce), Interstate Commerce
Act 1887, ICC
a. Why were government subsidies necessary for building of railroad lines?
b. What did the government get in return for land grants and money
subsidies?
c. What were some effects of the railroads?
d. What
distinction does the Interstate Commerce Act hold?
II. STEEL AND STUFF, pages 544-549
1. Stock ticker, cash register, typewriter
2. refrigerator car, electric
dynamo, electric railway
3. telephone, Alexander Graham Bell 1876,
switchboard operators
4. Thomas Alva Edison, "Wizard of Menlo Park,"
electric light 1879,
phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone,
moving picture
5. Captains of Industry: Andrew Carnegie, Steel King; John D.
Rockefeller,
Oil Baron; J. Pierpont Morgan, Banking
Genius
6. Carnegie, Pioneer of Vertical Integration
7. Horizontal
Integration, Rockefeller, the trust, Standard Oil Company 1870
8. Morgan,
interlocking directorates
9. Heavy Industry, capital goods
10. Light
Industry, consumer goods
11. Steel making, Bessemer Process (British),
William Kelly (American)
12. Carnegie, "Napoleon of the Smokestacks", Morgan
buy-out - 1901 United
States Steel Corporation
(first billion dollar corporation)
Page 4
13. Oil, 1859 Pennsylvania, "Drake's Folly", kerosene replaces whale oil
14. gasoline-burning internal combustion engine
15. oil trust, sugar
trust, tobacco trust, leather trust, harvester trust
16. Gustavus F, Swift,
Philip Armour
a. What place did the U.S. hold among manufacturing nations by 1894?
b.
What were the reasons for this position?
c. What were the advantages of
vertical integration?
d. What were the advantages of the industrial
combinations?
III. PRIVATE & PUBLIC RESPONSE TO ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH, pgs. 550-51
1. Gospel of Wealth, Andrew Carnegie
2. Social Darwinism, William Graham
Sumner
3. Reverend Russell Conwell, "Acres of Diamonds" sermon
4.
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890, Clayton Antitrust Act 1914
a. What arguments did captains of industry use against government regulation
of business?
IV. THE SOUTH, pages 551-554
1. 1880's cigarettes, James Buchanan Duke, "coffin nails", 1890 American
Tobacco Company
2. "The New South," Henry W. Grady
3. 1880's cotton mill construction, cheap labor, mill towns, company stores
a. What obstacles to southern industrialization were there?
V. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, pages 554-556
1. "Gibson Girl"
a. What were the effects of industrialization in the United States?
b.
How were women affected by the industrial age?
VI. BEGINNINGS OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT, pages 556-559, 562
1. strikebreakers (scabs), injunctions, lockouts, ironclad oaths, yellow dog
contracts, black lists
2. craft unions (early 19th.
century)
3. National Labor Union, 1866, died 1872, 600,000 members from all
types of
work, won 8-hour day for government workers
4. Colored National Labor Union
5. Knights of Labor, 1869, open to all
workers, goal to establish a
cooperative society with
economic and social reform, worked for the 8-hour
day,
Philadelphia, Terence V. Powderly 1879, opposition to strikes, 1885
750,000 members
6. Chicago, strikes, McCormick reaper
factory, Haymarket Square Riot May 4,
1886, Knights begin
to decline late 1880's due to public perception of
links
to anarchists
7. American Federation of Labor, 1886, Samuel Gompers
(1886-94),federation of
craft unions, worked for better
wages, hours, and working conditions,
closed shop,
walkouts, boycotts
Page 5
8. (1892, Homestead Pennsylvania, Carnegie Steel Company, Henry C. Frick,
Pinkerton guards, five month strike fails)
9. Labor
Day 1894
a. What negative factors existed for labor as industrialization increased?
b. How did the Civil War give new strength to labor unions?
c. Did most
workers belong to unions in this time period?
VII. THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, pages 560-561
1. Mary Harris (Mother) Jones
2. supported Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 and
Contract Labor Law 1885
3. Utopian dream
VIII. INDUSTRIALIZATION: BOON OR BLIGHT?, pages 562-563
1. 19th. century Captains of Industry dubbed "Robber Barons" in the 1930's
2. land of opportunity ideal, rags to riches Horatio Alger stories
AMERICA MOVES TO THE CITY 1865-1900, Ch. 26, pages 565-596
I. GROW CITIES, GROW!, pages 565-568
1. Skyscraper, Chicago 1885, electric elevator
2. Louis Sullivan, "form
follows function"
3. commuter society, mass transit lines, electric
trolleys, megalopolis
4. Brooklyn Bridge 1883
5. Macy's New York,
Marshall Field's Chicago, consumerism
6. urban problem of waste disposal
7. 1879 dumbbell tenement, New York's "Lung Block", flophouses
8.
suburbs - bedroom communities
a. What cities had a million residents each by 1890? NEW YORK, CHICAGO,
b. What problems beset cities?
II. IMMIGRATION, pages 569-571,574-578
1. pre-1880's immigrants: mostly from British Isles and western Europe
(especially Germany and Scandinavia)
2. New
Immigrants (1880-1920): Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Greeks, Poles
(eastern and southern Europe); "birds of passage"
3.
political machines and the New Immigrants
4. Social Gospel, "Christian
Socialists
5. Jane Addams, Hull House 1889, Chicago, settlement houses,
pacifist, Nobel
Peace Prize 1931
6. Lilian Wald,
Henry Street Settlement, New York City 1893
7. Florence Kelly, advocate for
women, children, blacks, consumers; general
secretary of
National Consumers League
8. social work
9. antiforeignism, nativism,
American Protective Association 1887,
immigration laws
excluding "defective undesirables", Chinese Exclusion
Act
1882
10. Statue of Liberty 1886, Emma Lazarus, "The New Colossus"
a. What was the attraction of the U.S. for the "New Immigrants"?
b. How
did New Immigrants preserve their native culture?
Page 6
III. THE ITALIANS, pages 572-573
1. bocci, pizza
2. longshoremen, construction workers, padrone system
IV. RELIGION AND URBANIZATION, pages 578-580
1. Episcopalians and the Republican Party
2. rise of materialism
3.
Dwight Lyman Moody, urban circuit rider, Moody Bible Institute 1889
4. Roman
Catholicism, Cardinal Gibbons
5, Salvation Army 1879
6. Church of
Christ, Scientist (Christian Scientist), Mary Baker Eddy 1879
7. YMCA, YWCA
8. On the Origin of the Species 1859, Charles Darwin, evolution,
survival of
the fittest, Modernists
9. Conservatives,
Fundamentalists, literal interpretation of the Bible,
Billy Sunday
V. EDUCATION AND SUCH, pages 580-585
1. elementary schools 1850's; high schools 1880's-90's, free textbooks
2.
normal schools, kindergartens, parochial schools
3. Chautauqua Movement
1874, lyceums, home study
4. Booker T. Washington, Tuskeegee Normal and
Industrial School Headmaster
1881, self-help approach -
"accomodationist", social equality vs. economic
independence leading eventually to political and civil rights, "one hand,
separate fingers" argument
5. George Washington
Carver, Tuskeegee faculty 1896, agricultural chemist
(peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes)
6. W.E.B. Du Bois, Harvard Ph.D., 1903
The Souls of Black Folk, NAACP 1910,
"talented
tenth"
7. Vassar, Howard, Hampton Institute
8. Morrill Act of 1862,
"land-grant colleges"
9. Hatch Act 1887, agricultural experimental stations
10. private universities, Cornell 1865, Stanford 1891, University of Chicago
1892
11. professional and technical schools,
Johns Hopkins University 1876
12. medical schools, improved public health,
Louis Pasteur (French), Joseph
Lister (English)
13. William James, Principles of Psychology 1890, behavioral
psychology,
Pragmatism 1907
14. public
libraries, Library of Congress 1897, Andrew Carnegie
15. newspapers,
linotype 1885, sensationalism
16. Joseph Pulitzer, New York World,
leader in sensationalism, "yellow
journalism",
reporter Nellie Bly
17. William Randolph Hearst, San Francisco
Examiner 1887
18. Associated Press founded 1840's, strengthened in
1890's+
19. Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's Monthly, New York
Nation 1865
20. Reformer Henry George, Progress and Poverty
1879, single tax on unearned
increments (such as
the increased value of land)
21. Novelist Edward Bellamy, Looking
Backward, 2000-1887 1888, society
organized on
"principle of fraternal cooperation", Nationalism,
Nationalist Clubs (Bellamy Clubs)
Page 7
a. What educational concept was adopted on a national basis before the Civil
War? Why?
b. What was the relation between compulsory
school attendance laws and child
labor?
c. How did Du
Bois' ideas differ from Washington's? What did DuBois label
Washington?
d. How did university curriculum's change
during this time?
VI. LITERATURE, pages 585-588
1. dime novels, Harlan F. Halsey
2. General Lew Wallace, Ben Hur
1880 (favorite of anti-Darwinists)
3. Horatio Alger, juvenile fiction, "rags
to riches" stories
4. Walt Whitman still popular!, Leaves of Grass, O
Captain! My Captain!
When Lilacs Last in the
Dooryard Bloom'd
5. Emily Dickenson, lyric poet, 1886 death and
discovery of her poems
6. Sydney Lanier, southerner, poet
7. romance
gives way to realism
8. feminist author Kate Chopin, The Awakening
1899
9. Mark Twain, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, use of American dialect
10. Bret Harte, gold rush stories
11. William Dean Howells, editor of
Atlantic Monthly 1871, essays concerning
controversial social themes
12. Stephen Crane, The Red Badge of Courage
1895
13. Henry James, novelist, psychological realism
14. Jack
London, nature writer, socialist
15. Frank Norris, novels explored Gilded
Age corruption
16. Paul Lawrence Dunbar, poet, use of black dialect and
folklore
17. Theodore Dreiser, social novelist
VII. THE NEW MORALITY, pages 588-592
1. Victoria Woodhull, free love declaration 1871
2. Anthony Comstock,
1873 Comstock Law (anti-obscenity)
3. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and
Economics 1898
4. National American Woman Suffrage Association 1890
(membership limited to
whites), Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Susan B. Anthony
5. New leaders in the women's movement 1900: Carrie Chapman
Catt
6. Wyoming Territory, "the Equality State", first unrestricted women's
suffrage 1869
7. General Federation of Women's Clubs
8. Black women's movements, Ida B. Wells, anti-lynching campaign, National
Association of Colored Women 1896
9. Demon Rum,
corner saloons, National Prohibition Party 1869, Women's
Christian Temperance Union 1874, Frances E. Willard, Carrie Nation
10.
Anti-Saloon League 1893, "dry" states, 18th. Amendment 1919
11. American Red
Cross 1881, Clara Barton
a. What did women's economic freedom encourage?
b. What were the results
of the "New Morality"?
c. What were the effects of urbanization?
d. How
did the suffragists argument for the ballot change in the early 1900's
Page 8
VIII. ART AND OTHER FUN STUFF, pages 593-596
1. Portraits: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt
2.
Landscapes: George Inness
3. Realism in portraits: Thomas Eakins
4.
Winslow Homer, seascapes
5. Sculpture: Augustus Saint-Gaudens
6. birth
of symphony orchestras; Metropolitan Opera House 1883
7. spirituals, "ragged
music", blues, ragtime, jazz
8. phonograph, "canned music"
9.
Architecture: Louis Sullivan, Henry H. Richardson, Richardsonian style
(ornamental style with high-vaulted arches)
10.
Columbian Exposition Chicago 1893, revival of classical architectural
forms
11. vaudeville, minstrel shows
12.
Phineas T. Barnum, James A. Bailey, "Greatest Show on Earth" 1881
13. Wild
West Shows 1883, William F. (Buffalo Bill) Cody, Annie Oakley
14. organized
sports, baseball, New York Knickerbocker Club 1845, National
League 1876, American League 1901, first World
Series 1903
15. rise of spectator sport vs. participative sports, football
16. pugilism, "Gentleman Jim" Corbett defeats John L. Sullivan for world
championship 1892
17. croquet, bicycling,
safety bicycle 1888
18. basketball 1891 James Naismith
a. Where did 19th. century American portrait painters do most of their work?
THE GREAT WEST AND THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
1865-1890,
Ch. 27, pages 598-622
I. PLIGHT OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS, pages 598-605
1. frontier line, Great West
2. Plains Indians, importance of the horse
3. spread of disease from white intruders: cholera, typhoid, smallpox
4.
dwindling of the bison population, tribes in conflict for control of
remaining hunting grounds
5. Fort Laramie treaties
1851, Fort Atkinson treaties 1853, beginning of the
reservation system (1850's to 1880's)
6. 1860's, Great Sioux Reservation
(Dakota territory), Indian Territory
(Oklahoma), Indian
agents often corrupt
7. 1868-1890 Indian-white warfare; generals Sherman,
Sheridan, Custer
8. Sand Creek Massacre, Colorado 1864, Colonel J.M.
Chivington, Cheyennes
9. Sioux massacre of Fetterman's forces 1866, Treaty
of Fort Laramie 1868,
U.S. gov't abandons the Bozeman
Trail
10. Custer discovers gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota on the
Sioux
reservation 1874, gold-seekers prompt Indian
retaliation
11. Colonel George Custer, Seventh Cavalry, Little Big Horn
River, June 1876,
Dakotas, Rain-in-the-Face,
Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
12. Nez Perce Indians, Idaho, war 1877, Chief
Joseph
13. Apache, Arizona and New Mexico, Geronimo
14. Frederic
Remington, painter of the Far West
15. Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of
Dishonor 1881, Ramona 1884
16. suppression of native American
religions, 1870's missionary efforts,
"white
mobility ethic" (ambition, thrift, materialism)
Page 9
17. 1884 Sun Dance outlawed,.1890 Ghost Dance Movement (Dakota Sioux) ,
Massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota
18.
Dawes Severalty Act 1887, Indian Bureau of the Interior Department
19.
citizenship granted to all Indians 1924
20. Carlisle Indian School (Pa.)
1879, Indian boarding schools
21. Indian Reorganization Act 1934
a. How many Indians were there in the Great West in 1860? 1887? 1900?
b.
What factors led to the "taming" of the Indians?
c. What did the buffalo
provide for the Indians?
d. How many buffalo were in the West at the end of
the Civil War? 1885?
e. What factors caused the demise of the buffalo herds?
f. What were the provisions of the Dawes Act?
II. MINING, pages 605, 608
1. discovery of gold and silver, Colorado, 1859, fifty-niners, Pike's
Peakers, "Pike's Peak or Bust"
2. Nevada, 1859,
Comstock Lode (gold and silver)
3. Boomtowns, Helldorados, ghost towns
4. placer mining gives way to control by mining companies
5.
(Timber and Stone Act 1878)
III. THE PLAINS INDIANS, pages 606-607
1. pemmican, travois, mustangs (16th. century)
IV. CATTLE, pages 608-610
1. Texas long-horned cattle, transcontinental railroad
2. "beef barons":
Swift, Armour; meat-packing business
3. stockyards: Kansas City, Chicago;
refrigerator cars
4. open-range ranching, cowboys, branding, roundups, Long
Drive (1866-1888),
cattle trails, cow towns: Dodge City,
Abilene, Ogallala, Cheyenne
5. (Deadwood, Tombstone, Clanton family,
Johnny Ringo, Earp brothers: Wyatt,
Jim, Morgan, Virgil,
Warren; Bat Masterson, Doc Holliday; Shoot-out at
the OK Corral, October 26 1881, Earps and Clantons)
6. homesteaders,
barbed wire, sheepherders, range wars, 1885 Grover Cleveland
order to remove illegal fences, killing winter of 1886-87
7. overexpansion, overgrazing
8. cattle raising becomes a big business,
Wyoming Stock-Growers' Association
V. FARMING THE GREAT PLAINS, pages 610-614
1. Homestead Act of 1862
2. "induced colonization" by railroads
3.
Great American Desert myth, 2. Great Migration to the Plains (1870-1890)
4.
"sodbusters," sod houses, 100th. meridian, warning by John Wesley Powell
1874, 6-year drought 1880's
5. dry farming", set-up
for the Dust Bowl 1930's
6. "hard" wheat, sorghum, barbed wire - Joseph
Glidden 1874, (Luther Burbank,
cross breeding)
7. New
States: Colorado 1876 (Centennial State); 1889-90: North Dakota, South
Dakota, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho; 1896: Utah,
Mormons, polygamy
8. Oklahoma, "sooners", April 22, 1889, "boomers"
Page 10
9. 1890 Census, Closing of the Frontier, Frederick Jackson Turner, "The
Significance of the Frontier in American History," 1893,
American
individualism, "the second chance"
11. late
1870's beginning of conservation movement, Yellowstone National Park
1872, (John Muir), Yosemite National
Park and Sequoia National Park
1890
a. What was the underlying purpose of the Homestead Act?
b. What problems
undermined the Homestead Act?
c. What did the frontier represent to
Americans?
VI. THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE, pages 615-620
1. cash crops
2. mail order houses: Montgomery Ward catalog 1872, Sears
Roebuck
3. 1870's: steam driven plows, seeders, harrows, binders
4.
1880's: combine (reaper-thresher drawn by horses)
5. "bonanza farms"
foreshadow agribusinesses of 20th. century
6. California agricultural
reputation, irrigation of the Central Valley
7. 1880's: increased
production, decreased prices; farm mortgages,
foreclosures; farm tenancy vs. farm ownership
8. grasshopper plague, cotton
boll weevil South early 1890's
9. Greenback movement 1868
10. National
Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry 1867, Oliver H. Kelley
Beginning: social, educational, fraternal
activities; Later: cooperative
owned stores, grain
elevators and warehouses; promoted state regulation
of RR rates and storage fees; Granger Laws, Wabash decision 1886
11.
Greenback Labor Party, 1880 James B. Weaver presidential candidate
12.
Farmers Alliance 1870's, Goals: nationalize railroads, abolish national
banks, establish a graduated income tax, create a
new federal subtreasury
for crop storage
13.
People's Party, Populism, Ignatius Donnelly, Mary Elizabeth Lease
a. What happened to the # of farms and farmers as agricultural mechanization
increased?
b. What happened to farm production during
this time?
c. What happened to world farm prices in the 1880's and 1890's?
What
happened to U.S. currency?
d. What was the cause
of deflation at this time?
e. What other problems plagued the farmers during
this time?
f. What drawbacks did the Farmers Alliance have?
VII. WAS THE WEST REALLY "WON"?, page 621
1. Turner thesis
2. New Western historians: ethnic and racial
confrontations, topography,
climate, roles of government
and big business